Main articles: LGBT history and Timeline of LGBT history
Further information: Terminology of homosexuality
LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy,
increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues
of placement of those letters within the new title.
Before the sexual revolution of the 1960s, there was no common non-derogatory vocabulary for
non-heterosexuality; the closest such term, third gender, traces back to the 1860s but never gained
wide acceptance in the United States.
The first widely used term, homosexual, originally carried negative connotations. It was replaced by
homophile in the 1950s and 1960s, and subsequently gay in the 1970s; the latter term was adopted
first by the homosexual community. Lars Ullersram promoted use of the term sexual minority in the
1960s, as an analogy to the term ethnic minority for non-whites.
As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase "gay and lesbian" became more common. The
Daughters of Billets folded in 1970 due to disputes over their direction: whether to focus on
feminism or gay rights issues. As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of
roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists
eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars, as well as the perceived
chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men, or take up their causes.
Lesbians who held a more essentialist view, that they had been born homosexual and used the
descriptor "lesbian" to define sexual attraction, often considered the separatist, angry opinions
of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights. Bisexual and transgender people
also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.
After the elation of change following group action in the 1969 Stonewall riots in New York City,
in the late 1970s and the early 1980s, some gays and lesbians became less accepting of bisexual
or transgender people. Critics said that transgender people were acting out stereotypes and
bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about
their identity. Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and
how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups,
these conflicts continue to this day. LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise
consciousness about the issue since the movement began.
From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States. Not until the
1990s within the movement did gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people gain equal respect.
Although the LGBT community has seen much controversy regarding universal acceptance of different
member groups (bisexual and transgender individuals, in particular, have sometimes been marginalized
by the larger LGBT community), the term LGBT has been a positive symbol of inclusion. Despite the
fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below),
the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.
Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized
individuals into the general community. Transgender actress Candis Cayne in 2009 described the LGBT
community "the last great minority", noting that "We can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television".
In response to years of lobbying from users and LGBT groups to eliminate discrimination, the online social
networking service Facebook, in February 2014, widened its choice of gender variants for users. In June 2015,
after the US Supreme Court verdict granting equal marriage rights, Facebook introduced a filter allowing users to
color their profile pictures rainbow in celebration of LGBT equality.
In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger
members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.
Variants
General
2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which uses the LGBTIQ initialism.
Many variants exist including variations that change the order of the letters; LGBT or GLBT are the most common terms
and the ones most frequently seen. Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more feminist connotation than GLBT
as it places the "L" (for "lesbian") first. LGBT may also include additional "Q"s for "queer" or "questioning"
(sometimes abbreviated with a question mark and sometimes used to mean anybody not literally L, G, B or T) producing
the variants "LGBTQ" and "LGBTQQ"". In the United Kingdom, it is sometimes stylized as LGB&T, whilst the Green Party
of England and Wales uses the term LGBTIQ in its manifesto and official publications.
The order of the letters has not been standardized; in addition to the variations between the positions of the initial
"L" or "G", the mentioned, less common letters, if used, may appear in almost any order. Initialisms related to LGBTQ
people are sometimes referred to as "alphabet soup." Variant terms do not typically represent political differences
within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups.
The terms pansexual, omnisexual, fluid and queer-identified are regarded as falling under the umbrella term bisexual
(and therefore are considered a part of the bisexual community).
Transgender inclusion
The gender identity "transgender" has been recategorized to trans* by some groups, where trans (without the asterisk)
has been used to describe trans men and trans women, while trans* covers all non-cisgender (genderqueer) identities,
including transgender, transsexual, transvestite, genderqueer, gender fluid, non-binary, gender fuck, genderless,
gender, non-gendered, third gender, two-spirit, bigender, and trans man and trans woman. Likewise, the term transsexual
commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.
When not inclusive of transgender people, LGBT is sometimes shortened to LGB.
Intersex inclusion
Main article: Intersex and LGBT
The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex, but intersex people
are often added to the LGBT category to create an LGBTI community. Some intersex people prefer the initialism LGBTI,
while others would rather that they not be included as part of the term. LGBTI is used in all parts of "The Activist's
Guide" of the Yogyakarta Principles in Action. Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address
intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected"
by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT. Organization Intersex
International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but
"LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms.
" Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also
oblivious to our specific needs".
Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same sex attraction in intersex people, with a recent Australian study of people
born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual, thus research on intersex
subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality. As an experience of being born with sex characteristics
that do not fit social norms, intersex can be distinguished from transgender, while some intersex people are both intersex
and transgender.
Other variants
Some use the much shorter style LGBT+ to mean "LGBT and related communities". The National Institutes of Health have framed
LGBT, others "whose sexual orientation and/or gender identity varies, those who may not self-identify as LGBT" and also
intersex populations (as persons with disorders of sex development) as "sexual and gender minority" (SGM) populations. This
has led to the development of an NIH SGM Health Research Strategic Plan. LGBTQIA, which is used, for example, by the "Lesbian,
Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center" at the University of California, Davis.
SGL ("same gender loving") is sometimes favored among gay male African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from
what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities. MSM ("men who have sex with men") is clinically used to describe men who
have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation.
Other variants may have a "U" for "unsure"; a "C" for "curious"; another "T" for "transvestite"; a "TS", or "2" for "two-spirit"
persons, or an "SA" for "straight allies". However, the inclusion of straight allies in the LGBT acronym has proven controversial
as many straight allies have been accused of using LGBT advocacy to gain popularity and status in recent years, and various LGBT
activists have criticized the heteronormative worldview of certain straight allies. Some may also add a "P" for "polyamorous",
an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other". Furthermore, the initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the
hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.
The initialism LGBTTQQIAAP (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning, intersex, asexual, ally, pansexual)
has also resulted, although such initialisms are sometimes criticized for being confusing and leaving some people out, as well as
issues of placement of the letters within the new title. However, adding the term "allies" to the initialism has sparked controversy,
with some seeing the inclusion of "ally" as opposed to "asexual" a form of asexual erasure. There is also the acronym QUILT BAG
(queer and questioning, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and ally, and gay and genderqueer).
The magazine Anything That Moves coined the acronym FABGLITTER from fetish (such as the BDSM community), allies or poly-amorous
(as in polyamorous relationships), bisexual, gay, lesbian, intersex, transgender, transsexual engendering revolution or inter-racial attraction; however, this term has not made its way into common usage.
Wesleyan University used the initialism LGBTTQQFAGPBDSM for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer, questioning, flexural,[clarification needed] asexual, gender-fuck, polyamorous, bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism". In his book Romance of Transgression in Canada: Queering Sexualities, Nations, Cinemas, Canadian academic Thomas Waugh proposed the form BLLAGTITTISQQ, which would rearrange the letters of the "alphabet soup" into an order that would actually be pronounceable as a word.
Criticism of the term
LGBT families, like these in a 2007 Boston pride parade, are labeled as non-heterosexual by researchers for a variety of reasons.
The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass. For example, some argue that transgender and
transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people. This argument centers on the idea that
transgender and transsexuality have to do with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman
irrespective of their sexual orientation. LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction. These distinctions
have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work
(which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals. Another
problem associated is that people may not always identify with the given labels. One study conducted in Australia discovered that
all the participants had experienced micro aggressions, bullying and anti-social behaviors. However, not all of the participants
believed their victimization to be motivated by anti-LGBTIQ beliefs. What it did establish is that many of these micro aggressions
occurred due to misconceptions and conflicting opinions on what these labels entailed (in particular, transsexual and bisexual).
Evidently, by placing blanket labels on many people, who all experience difference narratives, there are inconsistencies.
Many people have looked for a generic term to replace the numerous existing initialisms. Words such as queer
(an umbrella term for sexual and gender minorities that are not heterosexual, or gender-binary) and rainbow have been tried,
but most have not been widely adopted. Queer has many negative connotations to older people who remember the word as a taunt and
insult and such (negative) usage of the term continues. Many younger people also understand queer to be more politically charged
than LGBT. "Rainbow" has connotations that recall hippies, New Age movements, and groups such as the Rainbow Family or Jesse
Jackson's Rainbow/PUSH Coalition.
The inclusivity of the LGBTQ community.
Some people advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000), or gender and sexual/sexuality
minorities (GSM) so as to explicitly include all people who are not cisgender and heterosexual, or gender, sexual, and romantic
minorities (GSRM) which is more explicitly inclusive of minority romantic orientations and polyamory, but those have not been
widely adopted either. Other rare umbrella terms are Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD), MOGII (Marginalized Orientations,
Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).
A reverse to the above situations is evident in the belief of "lesbian & gay separatism" (not to be confused with the related
"lesbian separatism"), which holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from
other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere. While not always appearing of sufficient number or organization to be
called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community. In some
cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of non mono sexual orientations and of transsexuality.
This can extend to public biphobia and transphobia. In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights
group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be "political madness", stating that
"Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don’t conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male
and female behavior, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance
with mainstream straight norms."
The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT community" or "LGB community" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and
transgender people. Some do not subscribe to or approve of the political and social solidarity, and visibility and human
rights campaigning that normally goes with it including gay pride marches and events. Some of them believe that grouping together
people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person
deficiently different from other people. These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists.
Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT
people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life in a
different way from the majority. In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of
a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people.
Writing in the BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now,
"bracketed together" . . . "share the same issues, values and goals?" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms
for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to be reformed or finally we go, "our separate ways".
